Imperiul Otoman

Ottoman Empire

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Ottoman Empire Osmanlı İmparatorluğu دولت عالیه عثمانیه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye Sublime Ottoman State ← 1299 – 1922 → Flag Coat of arms Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (“The Eternal State”) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1683, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–1365) Edirne (1365–1453) İstanbul (1453–1922) Government Monarchy Sultans - 1281–1326 (first) Osman I - 1918–22 (last) Mehmed VI Grand Viziers - 1320–31 (first) Alaeddin Pasha - 1920–22 (last) Ahmed Tevfik Pasha History - Foundation 1299 - Interregnum 1402–1413 - 1. Constitutional 1876-1878 - 2. Constitutional 1908-1918 - Partition November 17, 1922 Area - 1680 5,500,000 km² (2,123,562 sq mi) Population - 1856 est. 35,350,000 - 1906 est. 20,884,000 - 1914 est. 18,520,000 - 1919 est. 14,629,000 Currency Akçe, Kuruş, Lira Timeline of the Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire (1299–1922) (Old Ottoman Turkish: دولت عالیه عثمانیه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish: Osmanlı Devleti or Osmanlı İmparatorluğu), was a multi-ethnic and multi-religious Turkish-ruled state. The state was known as the Turkish Empire or Turkey by its contemporaries; see the other names of the Ottoman State. It was succeeded by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed in 1923.

At the height of its power (16th–17th century), it spanned three continents, controlling much of Southeastern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa, stretching from the Strait of Gibraltar (and, in 1553, the Atlantic coast of Morocco beyond Gibraltar) in the west to the Caspian Sea and Persian Gulf in the east, from the edge of Austria, Slovakia and parts of Ukraine in the north to Sudan, Eritrea, Somalia and Yemen in the south. The Ottoman Empire contained 29 provinces, in addition to the tributary principalities of Moldavia, Transylvania, and Wallachia.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire

The end of the Ottoman Empire

Main article: Fall of the Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire bowed out of the First World War with the signing of the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918. This was followed 13 days later with the occupation of Constantinople. Under the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres, Ottoman Empire lost its Middle Eastern territories which became mandates of Britain and France. Large areas of southern and western Anatolia became an Italian zone of influence. Almost all of Thrace was ceded to Greece, which also gained a protectorate over Smyrna. The Straits and Sea of Marmara were given to the Allied powers as an international zone. Armenia was recognized as an independent state. Britain obtained virtually everything it had sought under the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement it had made with France in 1916 for the partitioning of the Middle East.

The occupation of Constantinople along with the occupation of İzmir mobilized the establishment of the Turkish national movement, and led to the Turkish War of Independence^[17] and the foundation of the Republic of Turkey.

Departure of Mehmed VI, last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, 1922

The Turkish national movement, under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) resulted in the creation of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi) in Ankara on 23 April 1920, which refused to recognize the Ottoman government in Constantinople and the invading forces in Turkey. Turkish revolutionaries raised a “people’s army” and expelled the invading Greek, Italian and French forces. They reclaimed the Turkish provinces which were given to the Republic of Armenia with the Treaty of Sèvres, and threatened the British forces controlling the Straits. Turkish revolutionaries eventually reclaimed the Straits and Constantinople, and abolished the Ottoman sultanate on 1 November 1922. The last sultan, Mehmed VI Vahdettin (1861–1926), left the country on 17 November 1922, and the Republic of Turkey was officially declared with the Treaty of Lausanne on 24 July 1923. The Caliphate was constitutionally abolished several months later, on 3 March 1924. the Sultan and his family were declared persona non grata of Turkey and exiled. Fifty years later, in 1974, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey granted descendants of the former dynasty the right to acquire Turkish citizenship. See also: Ertuğrul Osman V.

The new countries created from the remnants of the empire currently number 40 (including the disputed Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus).

The fall of the Ottoman Empire can be attributed to the failure of its economic structure; the size of the empire created difficulties in economically integrating its diverse regions. Also, the empire’s communication technology was not developed enough to reach all territories. In many ways, the circumstances surrounding the Ottoman Empire’s fall closely paralleled those surrounding the fall of the Roman Empire, particularly in terms of the ongoing tensions between the empire’s different ethnic groups, and the various governments’ inability to deal with these tensions. In the case of the Ottomans, the introduction of a parliamentary system during the Tanzimat proved too late to reverse the trends that had been set in motion.

Other link: http://www.theottomans.org/english/index.asp

Imperiul Otoman

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Devlet-i Aliye-i Osmaniye
دولتِ عَليه عُثمانيه

Steagul Otoman Stema Otomană
Deviză naţională (limba turcă otomană)	Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (“Statul veşnic”)
Imperiul Otoman în momentul de maximă putere
Limba oficială	turca otomană
Capitala	Bursa (1335 – 1365), Edirne (1365-1453), İstanbul (1453-1922)
Imnul imperial	Imnul imperial otoman
Suverani	Padişahii din dinastia Osmanli
Populaţia	circa 40 de milioane
Suprafaţa	6,3 milioane km² (1902; maximum 19.9 milioane km² (estimare pentru anul 1595)
Întemeierea	1299
Dispariţia	29 octombrie 1923
Monedă	Akçe, Kuruş, Lira

	Istoria Imperiului Otoman
Periods:
Ascensiunea (1299–1453)
Propăşirea (1453–1683)
Stagnarea (1683–1827)
Declinul (1828–1908)
Dispariţia (1908–1922)
Vezi şi:
Căderea Constantinopolelui (1453)
Războaiele ruso-turce (1633-1917)
Epoca Lalelei (Epoca Tanzimat (1839-1876)1718–1730)

Imperiul Otoman (în limba turcă otomană: دولتِ عَليه عُثمانيه, Devlet-i Aliye-i Osmaniye, “Sublima Poartă Otomană”, limba turcă modernă: Osmanlı Devleti ori Osmanlı Imparatorluğu) a fost o supraputere imperială, care şi-a manifestat dominaţia în zona mediteraneană şi care a existat din 1299 până în 1922. În momentul de maximă putere în secolul al XVI-lea, Imperiul Otoman stăpânea Anatolia, Orientul Mijlociu, părţi din Africa de Nord, Balcanii şi Caucazul, adică o suprafaţă de circa 19.9 milioane de km². Multe dintre provinciile sau regiunile asupra căreia îşi exercita suveranitatea erau doar sub controlul indirect al guvernului central. El a întruchipat, cât timp a existat, califatul, adică statul musulman universal condus de succesorii Profetului. Instituţia califatului a devenit din primele secole de existenţă o chestiune pur simbolică, puterea migrând spre alte sfere de putere din interiorul lumii islamice, însă el a reprezentat şi mai reprezintă încă în mentalul colectiv al maselor musulmane un reper idealizat important, de aceea meritând a menţiona şi titlul de calif al sultanilor otomani. Imperiul Otoman, de-a lungul celor şase secole de istorie a fost o punte de legătură între culturile estului şi vestului.

Imperiul a fost fondat de tribul turcilor oghuzi în vestul Anatoliei şi a fost condus de dinastia Osmali. Primul sultan a fost Osman I . În 1453, după ce turcii au cucerit Constantinopol, (oraşul Istanbul din zilele noastre), fosta capitală a Imperiului Bizantin a devenit a treia capitală a Imperiului Otoman. Între secolele al XVI-lea şi al XVII-lea, Imperiul Otoman a fost una dintre cele mai puternice entităţi politice şi statale ale lumii, ţările europene simţindu-se ameninţate neîncetat de înaintarea continuă a acestuia prin Balcani şi spre sudul Uniunii polono-lituaniană.

În momentul de maximă întindere, imperiul stăpânea multe dintre cele mai importante locuri ale antichităţii clasice, inclusiv Olimpul homeric, Europa lui Zeus, Bosforul lui Io, templul Dianei din Efes, sarcofagul lui Alexandru cel Mare, râul Nil, Muntele Predicii şi dealul Golgota.

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiul_Otoman